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Integrated Pest Management
INTRODUCTION:
The widespread introduction of high yielding cultivars and adoption of intensive crop management practices resulted in substantial increase in yields. Side by side it has also improved the conditions for insects,. diseases, weeds, rodents and nematodes. Yield losses due to these pests range from 30-40%. Thus, the role of plant health coverage in agriculture production and sustainable productivity cannot be overlooked. Like any other technology, the concept of plant protection has also been changing with time, situation and understanding. To protect our environment, plant health coverage materials and methods should be eco-friendly and least hazardous. This has become more relevant in view of the gradual change in our outlook towards pesticides and other harmful toxic chemicals. Ornate, but slowly people have become more conscious of health and eco-system giving rebirth to organic farming. The concept of "Integrated Pest Management" originated basically to have a healthy approach to plant protection and doing away with hazardous and toxic chemicals.
Thus, I.P.M, is a "pest management system that in the context of the associated environment and population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible manner as possible and maintains the pest population at levels below those causing economic injury". An I.P.M. programme is an attempt to promote favorable ecological, economical and sociological outcomes which is accomplished by a best mix of the pest control tactics.
WHAT IS I.P.M?
I.P.M. is broad ecological pest control approach aiming at the best mix of all known pest control measures to keep the pest population below economic threshold level (ETL).
FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS OFLPM.
The use of appropriate scouting tactics, proper diagnosis of pest, action economic thresholds and conservation of naturally occurring bio-control agents (defenders/farmers friends) are fundamental components of a sound I.P.M. programme/strategy.
WHAT IS E.T.L?
ETL (Economic Threshold Level) is that level of a pest population which indicate that control tactics should be used to stop pest numbers from increasing further, thereby prevent economic losses to the host crop.
WHY I.P.M?
It is an economically-justified and sustainable system of crop protection that leads to maximum productivity with the least possible adverse impact on the total environment.
HOW I.P.M?
In crop production technology, I.P.M. is a schedule of practices which starts from field selection until harvest of a crop. The major components in this approach are cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods of insect pests, diseases, weeds and rodent control in a compatible manner.
I.P.M. FOR INSECT PEST:
CULTURAL METHODS.
1. PRE-SOWING
i) Field selection
ii) Soil testing
iii) Seed bed preparation
iv) Post-harvest ploughing
v) Deep summer ploughing
vi) Bund trimming
vii) Removal & burning of crop residues and weeds.
viii) Selection of healthy, resistant/tolerant, short duration and high yielding variety seeds.
ix) Seed/Seedling treatment (Root dip).
x) Timely and synchronous sowing/transplanting.
xi) Optimum plant to plant/row to row spacing.
xii) Adopting proper crop rotation.
xiii) Growing inter or mixed cropping.
2. POST-SOWING:
i) Balanced use of fertilizers & nutrients.
ii) Use of maximum quantity (25%) organic manures, (25%) bio-fertilizers and rest chemical fertilizers .
iii) Proper water management.
iv) Timely weed control.
v) Pest scouting/monitoring.
vi) Proper drainage system.
MECHANICAL METHODS:
i) Collection and destruction of eggs, egg masses, larvae & pupae of insect pests.
ii) Mass trapping of pest adults through light/sex pheromone traps (White grub).
iii) Removal and destruction of leaf portion infested with insect stages.
iv) Use of rope or bamboo sticks to dislodge leaf feeders.
BIOLOGICAL METHODS:
i) Conservation of larval, nymphal and pupal parasites, egg parasitoids, predators and pathgens (farmer's friends) in the field e.g. spiders, water bugs, mirids, damselflies, dragonflies, meadow grasshoppers, staphytinid beetles and coccinellids etc.
ii) Bamboo percher for birds for feeding on insect pest stages.
iii) Transfer of farmer's friends (defenders) from high population fields to problem fields.
iv) Release of laboratory based parasites and predators e.g. Trichogramma, Apanteles, Tetrastichus etc.
v) Application of laboratory-grown cultures of entomopathogenic fungi like. Metarrhizium and Beauveria etc.
CHEMICAL CONTROL MEASURES :
Need based. judicious and safe application of pesticides are the most vital segment of chemical control measures of I.P.M. It involves developing I.P.M. skills to play safe with environment by proper crop health monitoring, observing ETL and conserving natural bio-control potential before deciding in favour of use of chemical pesticides as a last resort.
i) Nil to trace use of pesticides.
ii) Simple spraying.
iii) Spraying/application only based on severity.
iv) Avoiding broad spectrum pesticides.
v) Spot/strip application of selective pesticides.
I.P.M. FOR DISEASES :
1. Cultural methods :
i) Deep summer/post harvest plouging
ii) Trimming of bunds and destruction of crop and weed residues.
iii) Selection of healthy, resistant/tolerant variety seeds.
iv) Seed treatment.
v) Early & timely sowing/planting.
vi) Proper spacing.
vii) Balanced use of fertilizer and micro nutrients.
viil) Adopting proper crop rotation.
ix) Proper irrigation and drainage management.
x) Hot water seed treatment at 52°e for 10 minutes.
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS :
i) Use of bio-control agents like Trichoderma against Pythium and other soil-borne fungal pathogens.
ii) Application of crude extracts of Phyllanthus niruti (20% concentration) against chilli mosaic. ill) Garlic extracts (20% concentration) against He/. oryzae of rice. It also works against Colletotrichum. Pythium and Rhizoctonia affecting different crops.
3.CHEMICALMETHODS:
i) Use of recommended fungicides at ETL.
ii) Seed/Nursery bed treatment by proper fungicide/chemical.
iii) Spot/strip application of selective fungicides/chemicals.
I.P.M. FOR WEEDS:
I. CULTURAL METHODS
i) Ensure thorough land preparation.
ii) Summer ploughing.
iii) Flooding/rain water conservation of fields.
iv) Timely sowing of crop.
v) Bund trimming and destroying weeds by burning.
vi) Line sowing at recommended spacing to facilitate inter-cultural operations.
CHEMICAL METHODS:
1. Use of selective and recommended herbicides.
.P.M. FOR NEMATODES.
1. CULTURAL METHODS :
i) Summer ploughing
ii) Hot water treatment of seeds at 50ne for 10 minutes.
iii) Sun drying of seed from 6 hrs. for 4 days.
iv) Burning of stubbles to prevent carryover of infection.
v) Growing resistant varieties.
vi) Rotation of non-host crops.
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS :
i) Application of neem cake @ 100-120 kglha.
ii) Growing Sesbania rostrata as inter-crop.
iii) Growing or use of crude extracts of Tagetus sp.
3. CHEMICAL METHODS :
i) Nursery bed! field treatment with carbofuran 3G @ 33kg/ha.
I.P.M. FOR RODENTS:
1. CULTURAL METHODS
i) Bund trimming to minimise rodent harbourage.
ii) Weed management to reduce alternate source of food.
iii) Employment of indigenous traps.
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
Snake, eagle, mongoose and cats are natural enemies of rodents. These should be protected.
3.CHEMICAL METHODS
i) Use recommended rodenticides e.g. Zinc phosphide @ 2.5% technical grade in bait.
ii) Use Aluminium phosphide/celphos tab. @ 1.5gm per live burrow as fumigant.
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